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FBB Capital Partners 3rd Quarter Newsletter, 2025: Pressures Rising

It’s been a wild year: Liberation Day tariffs, followed by nearly a bear market, then by a bull market recovery…and now, a government shutdown. With these and other pressures building across the economy, the Federal Reserve, and capital markets, many investors are trying to balance short-term risks with a long-term investment horizon.

While investing through these pressures may be challenging, we believe durable economic growth and steady profit expansion may serve as the release valve to reduce market tensions. This quarterly letter will walk through some of the economic and market pressures that are unfolding and outline a fully invested and diversified approach that may mitigate these risks.

Tariffs, inflation, and jobs

While markets and the economy appear to be performing well, the opposite was true earlier in the year: The administration’s tariff announcement led many to expect a spike in inflation by April, and rising recession risks took stocks to the edge of a bear market. Since then, we’ve seen a moderation in tariff policy and a recovery in stocks, even as tariffs are flowing through to consumers and putting upward pressure on prices. Inflation may hover in the 3% range –perhaps a bit higher if tariffs impact the holiday shopping season.

While inflation is less of a concern these days, unemployment is becoming more front of mind. Demand for workers peaked after the pandemic in mid-2023 but has since eased amid a combination of immigration policy, artificial intelligence impacting entry level jobs, worries over tariffs, and what may emerge as changes in the business cycle. With the administration threatening additional layoffs during the shutdown, we expect additional Fed action to curb the risk of rising unemployment.

Jay Powell’s balancing act

The Fed has been struggling with competing forces this year as tariffs fuel inflation, but lower demand for workers jeopardizes economic growth. A recent quarter-point interest rate cut in September and market expectations for future cuts suggest the Fed is onboard for supporting market and economic growth. However, the economy could overheat and inflation could reappear if the Fed cuts too soon.

In addition to aggressively encouraging the Fed to be more accommodating, the White House has taken a more active role regarding personnel choices for the Fed’s rate-setting committee. A government shutdown may also limit the Fed’s access to timely and accurate economic data, as Jay Powell tries to steer the ship through rising economic pressures. Although the Fed may face additional complexity as it sets monetary policy, our sense is Jay Powell will push through additional rate cuts and help the economy avoid a near term recession.

While lower interest rates may prevent major layoffs and support economic growth, Fed action may lead to lower bond yields. We continue to view Treasury yields, still higher than current inflation rates, as attractive. However, we are cooling on corporate bond purchases for the first time in years, as spreads over Treasuries have recently compressed to decade lows.

Rising expectations for profit growth

Turning from the economy to markets, we see growing optimism around earnings growth—especially for companies involved in building artificial intelligence (AI) tools and infrastructure. Let’s start with investor sentiment: Valuations for the broader market, using price-to-earnings (PE) ratios as an indicator, suggest a “bullish” posture. PE ratios are currently around 23 times forward earnings, well above a 10-year average of 19 times, suggesting that investors are ratcheting up their expectations for profit growth.

Analysts anticipate roughly 8% earnings growth this year, which is just below a muti-decade trend of ~10% growth. Investors expect low-teens profit growth next year, although we would caution that rosy year-ahead growth numbers often wilt as new risk factors emerge. Still, a recent pattern of companies exceeding quarterly investor expectations gives us confidence that near-term growth may continue.

Diversification and portfolio positioning

One of the key drivers of earnings growth has been a boom in AI spending that’s impacting the tech sector and other related companies in electrical equipment, construction, and power sectors. While we expect this theme to continue for some time, we prefer a more diversified approach to AI and continue to hold positions in defensive economic sectors as well.

We continue to favor exposure to U.S. equities, which we view as higher-risk, higher-return investments. However, we have also added exposure to client portfolios in more moderate-growth regions such as Europe and other developed countries, where valuations are relatively less expensive and a weaker U.S. dollar is aiding returns. By casting a wide net, we aim to identify companies that offer barriers to entry, durable growth, market-share gains, and the potential to meet or exceed investor expectations. As market and economic pressures continue to ebb and flow, we continue to favor fully invested and diversified portfolios where positioning toward riskier asset classes is currently neutral.

We wish you all the best this fall.

Michael Bailey, CFA 
Director of Research

Michael Mussio, CFA, CFP®
President

 

Important Disclosure Information: Please remember that past performance may not be indicative of future results. Different types of investments involve varying degrees of risk, and there can be no assurance that the future performance of any specific investment, investment strategy, or product (including the investments and/or investment strategies recommended or undertaken
by FBB Capital Partners [“FBB]), or any non-investment related content, made reference to directly or indirectly in this commentary will be profitable, equal any corresponding indicated historical performance level(s), be suitable for your portfolio or individual situation, or prove successful. Due to various factors, including changing market conditions
and/or applicable laws, the content may no longer be reflective of current opinions or positions. Moreover, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this commentary serves as the receipt of, or as a substitute for, personalized investment advice from FBB. FBB is neither a law firm, nor a certified public accounting firm,
and no portion of the commentary content should be construed as legal or accounting advice. A copy of the FBB’s current written disclosure Brochure discussing our advisory services and fees continues to remain available upon request or at www.fbbcap.com. Please Remember: If you are a FBB client, please contact FBB, in writing, if there are any
changes in your personal/financial situation or investment objectives for the purpose of reviewing/evaluating/revising our previous recommendations and/or services, or if you would like to impose, add, or to modify any reasonable restrictions to our investment advisory services. Unless, and until, you notify us, in writing, to the contrary, we shall
continue to provide services as we do currently. Please Also Remember to advise us if you have not been receiving account statements (at least quarterly) from the account custodian. Historical performance results for investment indices, benchmarks, and/or categories have been provided for general informational/comparison purposes only, and generally do
not reflect the deduction of transaction and/or custodial charges, the deduction of an investment management fee, nor the impact of taxes, the incurrence of which would have the effect of decreasing historical performance results. It should not be assumed that your FBB account holdings correspond directly to any comparative indices or categories.
Please Also Note: (1) performance results do not reflect the impact of taxes; (2) comparative benchmarks/indices may be more or less volatile than your FBB accounts; and, (3) a description of each comparative benchmark/index is available upon request.

Women & Finance: The One Big Beautiful Bill – What to Expect this Tax Season

After much contentious debate, the One Big Beautiful Bill was signed into law by President Trump on July 4, 2025, following narrow approval by the House and the Senate. So far, the reception is mixed, with some taxpayers welcoming tax savings for individuals and businesses, and others concerned about cuts to programs like food stamps and Medicaid and how that will impact lower income Americans. Either way, the new bill is projected to add $3.4 trillion to the national debt over ten years, according to the Congressional Budget Office. If we look back to 2017 when the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was passed, that bill enacted substantial changes to the tax code, but many of those changes were temporary and were set to expire or ‘sunset’ at the end of 2025. The One Big Beautiful Bill has now made permanent many of those temporary tax provisions from 2017.

We wanted to highlight a few of the key provisions from the new tax bill to give our clients a sense of what they might expect as they approach their 2025 tax preparation next Spring.

Permanent Changes:

  • Changes to tax rates from the TCJA are now permanent and will no longer sunset at the end of 2025. The seven tax bracket structure ranges from a lowest bracket of 10% to a highest bracket of 37% (the top marginal rate was 39.6% pre-TCJA). Five of these seven tax brackets would have reverted to higher rates in 2026 without the passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill. In addition to savings for individual taxpayers, the corporate tax rate of 21% (from TCJA) is now permanent, continuing a substantial change to the tax-code for U.S. companies. (The top corporate tax rate was 35% pre-TCJA).
  • Fewer taxpayers itemize and instead take the standard deduction after the 2017 TCJA, which practically doubled the standard deduction. With the new bill, those higher standard deductions levels will be maintained permanently, with an adjustment for inflation each year. The Standard Deduction for 2025 is $15,750 for single filers, and $31,500 for joint filers. (The TCJA temporarily eliminated personal exemptions, and the new bill permanently eliminates them.)
  • The Child Tax Credit has increased slightly to $2,200 per child. The Child Tax Credit phases out for incomes above $200,000 for single filers and $400,000 for joint filers.
  • Mortgage Interest Deduction – The maximum deductible mortgage interest is on home mortgage debt up to $750,000. Interest on debt above those amounts cannot be deducted. (This was initially changed by the TCJA in 2017, and the $750,000 debt amount has remained unchanged with passage of the new tax bill.)
  • Qualified Business Income Deduction: This deduction for self-employed and small business owners is now permanent and allows for a deduction of up to 20% of qualified business income.
  • Gift and Estate Tax Exemption: There was uncertainty for estate planners as the higher gift and estate tax exemption amounts set by the TCJA were set to expire at the end of 2025. Those higher exemption levels are now permanent after passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill: the gift and estate tax exemption for 2026 is $15 million per individual, with adjustments for inflation each year. A married couple effectively receives $30 million for the exemption. (Without this update, in 2026 the exemption would have decreased by half to pre-TCJA levels of $7.2 million per individual.)
  • Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions were temporary suspended by TCJA and are now permanently removed.
  • AMT (Alternative Minimum Tax) Exemption: The new tax bill extends the TCJA increases to the AMT exemption and phaseout thresholds. These amounts are set to adjust for inflation.
  • Dependent Care Plans: The Flexible Spending Account (FSA) limit will increase in 2026 from $5,000 to $7,500 (single and joint filers), which allows parents to use pre-tax dollars for childcare expenses. This long overdue change brings relief to working parents as childcare costs have skyrocketed. The $5,000 limit was set in 1986 and until now has never been increased, with the exception of a temporary increase during Covid. The new dependent care FSA limit is not indexed for inflation.
  • 529 Plans: The new tax bill brings big changes to 529 plans. The limit for expenditures for K-12 schools has increased to $20,000 per year, up from $10,000. The law has broadened qualified education expenses, and includes books, tutoring fees, and therapies for children such as speech language pathology and occupational therapy. Adults can now use 529 savings to pay for post-high school credential programs and continuing education.

Temporary Changes:

  • SALT (State and Local Taxes): The TCJA limited the SALT deduction to $10,000, which significantly decreased the amount of state taxes and property taxes many individuals could deduct. The SALT deduction limit has now been raised from $10,000 to $40,000, but only for those making under $500,000 in income per year (single and joint filers.) However, this is only a temporary increase that extends through 2029. Taxpayers must itemize to use the deduction.
  • Senior Deduction: The senior deduction is $6,000 for individuals 65 and older. The senior deduction phases out for incomes above $75,000 (single filers) and $150,000 (joint filers). This is a temporary deduction for tax years 2025 through 2028.
  • Deduction for Car Loan Interest: Taxpayers can deduct up to $10,000 of interest for cars with final assembly in the U.S. The car loan interest deduction phases out for incomes above $100,000 (single filers) and $200,000 (joint filers). This is a temporary deduction for tax years 2025 through 2028.
  • Deduction for tip income up to $25,000: The tip income deduction phases out for incomes above $150,000 (single filers) and $300,000 (joint filers). This is a temporary deduction for tax years 2025 through 2028.
  • Deduction for overtime wages up to $12,500 (single filers) and $25,000 (joint filers): The overtime wage deduction phases out for incomes above $150,000 (single filers) and $300,000 (joint filers). This is a temporary deduction for tax years 2025 through 2028.

Having certainty around permanency of some of these tax provisions is a positive, however complexity of the Federal tax code remains. We encourage clients to work with your advisor and your tax preparer to address any questions as they arise.

About the Author: Martha P. Callahan, CPA, CFP®: Martha is a Certified Financial Planner® practitioner and brings over 17 years of professional experience to FBB through various roles in finance, business development, and accounting. A Certified Public Accountant since 2012, she enjoys working closely with clients to provide comprehensive and customized planning advice to help them achieve their financial and personal goals. Martha previously worked for a registered investment advisor as the Vice President of Operations, where she focused on operations, trading, and compliance. Her multifaceted career also includes work in commercial real estate and retail development in Easton, Maryland where she had the opportunity to work with local small business owners. Martha earned her MBA from Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business and her Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Virginia Tech. Martha works in FBB’s eastern shore office located in Easton. She and her husband Patrick have two boys and reside nearby in Oxford, Maryland where they enjoy spending time on the water.

*Please Note Limitations: The recognition by publications or media should not be construed by a client or prospective client as a guarantee that he/she will experience a certain level of results or satisfaction if FBB is engaged, or continues to be engaged, to provide investment advisory services.

Important Disclosures

Please remember that past performance may not be indicative of future results. Different types of investments involve varying degrees of risk, and there can be no assurance that the future performance of any specific investment, investment strategy, or product (including the investments and/or investment strategies recommended or undertaken by FBB Capital Partners [“FBB]), or any non-investment related content, made reference to directly or indirectly in this commentary will be profitable, equal any corresponding indicated historical performance level(s), be suitable for your portfolio or individual situation, or prove successful. Due to various factors, including changing market conditions and/or applicable laws, the content may no longer be reflective of current opinions or positions. Moreover, you should not assume that any discussion or information contained in this commentary serves as the receipt of, or as a substitute for, personalized investment advice from FBB. FBB is neither a law firm, nor a certified public accounting firm, and no portion of the commentary content should be construed as legal or accounting advice. A copy of the FBB’s current written disclosure Brochure discussing our advisory services and fees continues to remain available upon request or at www.fbbcap.com. Please Remember: If you are a FBB client, please contact FBB, in writing, if there are any changes in your personal/financial situation or investment objectives for the purpose of reviewing/evaluating/revising our previous recommendations and/or services, or if you would like to impose, add, or to modify any reasonable restrictions to our investment advisory services. Unless, and until, you notify us, in writing, to the contrary, we shall continue to provide services as we do currently. Please Also Remember to advise us if you have not been receiving account statements (at least quarterly) from the account custodian. Historical performance results for investment indices, benchmarks, and/or categories have been provided for general informational/comparison purposes only, and generally do not reflect the deduction of transaction and/or custodial charges, the deduction of an investment management fee, nor the impact of taxes, the incurrence of which would have the effect of decreasing historical performance results. It should not be assumed that your FBB account holdings correspond directly to any comparative indices or categories.

Please Also Note: (1) performance results do not reflect the impact of taxes; (2) comparative benchmarks/indices may be more or less volatile than your FBB accounts; and, (3) a description of each comparative benchmark/index is available upon request.

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